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The rise of the lunatic asylum and its gradual transformation into, and eventual replacement by, the modern psychiatric hospital, explains the rise of organized, institutional psychiatry. While there were earlier institutions that housed the 'insane', the arrival at the answer of institutionalisation as the correct solution to the problem of madness, was very much an event of the nineteenth century. To illustrate this with one regional example, in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were, perhaps, a few thousand "lunatics" housed in a variety of disparate institutions but by the beginning of the twentieth century that figure had grown to about 100,000. That this growth should coincide with the growth of ''alienism'', now known as psychiatry, as a medical specialism is not coincidental.〔 ==Medieval era== In the Islamic world, the ''Bimaristans'' were described by European travelers, who wrote on their wonder at the care and kindness shown to lunatics. In 872, Ahmad ibn Tulun built a hospital in Cairo that provided care to the insane which included music therapy. Nonetheless, medical historian Roy Porter cautions against idealising the role of hospitals generally in medieval Islam stating that "They were a drop in the ocean for the vast population that they had to serve, and their true function lay in highlighting ideals of compassion and bringing together the activities of the medical profession." In Europe during the medieval era, a variety of settings were employed to house the small subsection of the population of the mad who were housed in institutional settings. Porter gives examples of such locales where some of the insane were cared for, such as in monasteries. A few towns had towers where madmen were kept (called ''Narrentürme'' in German, or "fools' towers"). The ancient Parisian hospital ''Hôtel-Dieu'' also had a small number of cells set aside for lunatics, whilst the town of Elbing boasted a madhouse, the ''Tollhaus,'' attached to the Teutonic Knights' hospital.〔Gary D. Albrecht, Katherine D. Seelman, Michael Bury: ''Handbook of disability studies'', p.20 ()〕 Dave Sheppard's Development of Mental Health Law and Practice begins in 1285 with a case that linked "the instigation of the devil" and being "frantic and mad".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mental Health History Timeline )〕 Other such institutions for the insane were established after the Christian Reconquista in Spain, including hospitals in Valencia (1407), Zaragoza (1425), Seville (1436), Barcelona (1481), and Toledo (1483).〔 The Priory of Saint Mary of Bethlehem, which later became known more notoriously as Bedlam, was founded in 1247. At the start of the fifteenth century it housed just six insane men.〔 The former lunatic asylum Het Dolhuys from the 16th century in Haarlem, the Netherlands is now a museum of psychiatry with an overview of treatments from the origins of the building up to the 1990s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of psychiatric institutions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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